Goals and Key Technology of Fertilizer-pesticide“Double Reduction“ and Synergism forGreenhouse StrawberryJianhua WANG1, Wei CHENG2, Jie WU1, Muxiang JI1*1. Zhenjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Hilly Area of Jiangsu Province, Jurong 212400, China;2. Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Minhang 201103, ChinaSupported by Demonstration and Promotion Project of Shanghai Municipal Committeeof Agriculture HNKT(2015)2-7; Jiangsu Agricultural “Three New Engineering“ ProjectSXGC (2017)208; Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund CX(15)1029.*Corresponding author. E-mail: dcyjsagri.gov.cnReceived: August 21, 2017 Accepted: October 23, 2017AAgricultural Science  Green development; “Double reduction“ andsynergism; Technology target; Key technology大 棚草莓化肥和農(nóng)藥 “雙減 ”增效技術(shù)目標(biāo)與關(guān)鍵技術(shù)王 建華1，成 瑋2，鄔 劼1，吉 沐祥1*（1.江 蘇丘陵地 區(qū) 鎮(zhèn) 江 農(nóng) 業(yè) 科 學(xué) 研 究 所 ， 江 蘇 句 容212400；2.上 海市農(nóng)技推廣服務(wù)中心 ，上海閔行 201103）摘 要 為發(fā)展綠色食品草莓 ， 減少化學(xué)肥料 和農(nóng) 藥使 用 ，實(shí) 現(xiàn) “雙 減 ”增 效 ，提 高 安 全品 質(zhì) ，保 護(hù) 生 態(tài) 環(huán) 境 ，促 進(jìn) 草 莓 產(chǎn) 業(yè) 健 康 穩(wěn)定發(fā)展 。 筆者針對(duì)目前草莓生產(chǎn)實(shí)際 ，結(jié)合國內(nèi)外新技術(shù)成果 ，總結(jié)出大棚草莓化肥和農(nóng)藥 “雙減 ”增效技術(shù)目標(biāo)與關(guān)鍵技術(shù) ，確立了技術(shù)目標(biāo) ，關(guān)鍵技術(shù)包括培育健康無病壯苗技術(shù) ， 土壤改良和連作障礙處理技術(shù) ，農(nóng)業(yè) 生 態(tài) 防 治 技 術(shù) ，理 化 誘 殺 害 蟲 技 術(shù) ，生 物防治技術(shù) ，低殘留風(fēng)險(xiǎn)化學(xué)防治技術(shù)等六項(xiàng)技術(shù) 。關(guān)鍵詞 大棚草莓 ；綠色發(fā)展 ；“雙減 ”增效 ；技術(shù)目標(biāo) ；關(guān)鍵技術(shù)基 金項(xiàng)目 上 海 市 農(nóng) 委 示 范 推 廣 計(jì) 劃 項(xiàng) 目“草莓病蟲害綠色防控技術(shù)集成示范 ”滬 農(nóng)科推字 （2015）第 2-7 號(hào) ；江 蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)三新工程項(xiàng)目 “草莓病蟲害綠色防控技術(shù)集成與推廣 ”SXGC2017208；江 蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)科技自主創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目 “江蘇丘陵草莓產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈技術(shù)集成創(chuàng)新與示范 ”CX（15）1029。作者簡(jiǎn) 介 王 建華 （1977-），男 ，江蘇寶應(yīng)人 ，助理研究員 ，主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)科技服務(wù)和果蔬農(nóng) 藥 化 肥 減 量 增 效 技 術(shù) 研 究 ，E-mail:suihanwjhsina.com。 * 通 訊 作 者 ， 吉 沐 祥（1963-），男 ，江蘇寶應(yīng)人 ，研究員 ，主要從事果 樹 植 保 與 農(nóng) 藥 開 發(fā) 應(yīng) 用 研 究 ，E-mail:jilvdun2800163.com。收稿日 期 2017-08-21修回日期 2017-10-23DOI:10.16175/j.cnki.1009-4229.2017.11.0222017AgriculturalScience the soil continuouscropping obstacle is effectively con-trolled, and the soil acidification andsalinization and blight incidence aregreatly reduced.In addition to agricultural control,ecological regulation, physical mea-sures and biological control, auxiliaryhigh-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residual risk chemical pesticides arealso used in disease and pest control.During the whole growth period, bio-logical and low-toxicity and low-residu-al risk pesticides are applied 6-8 timesin greenhouse. Instead, conventionalpesticides need to be applied 12 -15times. Thus, the use of chemical pesti-cides is reduced by about 50%. Theoverall control efficacy of pests anddiseases reaches about 90%, and thetotal loss of disease and pest damageis controlled below 10%. In the seed-ling and harvest period, anthracnose,gray mold, powdery mildew, blight,aphids, thrips, red spiders andSpodoptera litura do not cause moreserious loss to strawberry production.The rate of strawberry fruit with chemi-cal pesticide residues below relevantstandards reaches 100%, meeting therequirement for A-level green food.The yield of high-quality greenhousestrawberry fruit is up to 22 500-30 000kg/hm2, increased by 20%-30%.In addition, the elimination of risksin strawberry fruit consumption safetyboosts consumers confidence, meetsconsumers demand and reduces en-vironmental pollution, promoting thestabilization of strawberry production,the improvement of strawberry pro-duction competitiveness and the cre-ation of green band.Key TechnologyHealthy seedling cultivating tech-niqueStandards for healthy seedlingThe standards for first-levelseedlings are as follows: primary rootnumber is more than 5; primary rootlength is more than 7 cm; roots areneat and stretched; adult leaf numberis more than 4; leaves and their peti-oles have normal color; and centralbuds are full.The standards for second-levelseedlings are as follows: primary rootnumber is more than 3; primary rootlength is more than 5 cm; new stemthickness is more than 0.8 cm; rootsare neat and stretched; adult leafnumber is more than 3; leaves andtheir petioles have normal color; andcentral buds are full.Seedling propagation techniqueSelection of disease-free seed-lings Mother seedlings are requiredto have robust growth, normally-spread new leaves, structure-completeleaflets, dark green leaf color, longerpetioles, larger leaves, but no pestsand diseases and flowers and fruit6.In order to obtained healthy seedlings,disease-free seedlings are sterilized orpathogen-free substrate and trays areemployed in seedling nursery. At thesame time, roots of seedlings aretreated with Bacillus subtilis, Tricho-derma, fludioxonil and pyraclostrobinto ensure they do not carry pathogens.Transplanting is carried out from earlyand middle March to early April, at adensity of 12 000-18 000 plants/hm2.Selection of pathogen-free fieldRice-wheat (rape) rotated field or hightemperature-sterilized field is selectedas nursery field, which needs to be farfrom strawberry planting area. If con-ditions permit, shelter nursery, shadenursery or tray nursery can be adoptedto greatly reduce the incidence of dis-eases7.Wetness management Deep-ditchand narrow-plot mode is used. Thewidth of plots is 1.2 m. The width anddepth of ditches are 0.3 and 0.3 m. Ifthe length of plots is more than 40 m, aditch should be dug in the middle. Inthe growth period of young seedlings,the soil should be kept moist, insteadof dry or flooded. If it is dry, ditch irri-gation best drip irrigation and infiltra-tion irrigation can be carried out in theevening, and flood irrigation is avoided.Balanced fertilization Fertilizers canbe applied in more times with smallamount for each, and calcium and sili-con fertilizers can be increased appro-priately to enhance plant resistance topests and diseases. In the early peri-od, fermented manure or cake andcompound fertilizer can be increasedappropriately, and partial nitrogen fer-tilizer is not needed. In high tempera-ture and late period, nitrogen fertilizeris avoided.Reasonable regulation In the earlyperiod, appropriate amounts of gib-berellin,vitacat(gibberellin+heteroaux-in+brassinolide 0.136% WP), brassi-nolide can be applied, accompaniedby appropriate amounts of compoundfertilizer and humic acid to promotegrowth and accelerate the occurrenceof stolons. In the middle and late peri-od (the basic seedling number reach-2114AgriculturalScienceand spinetoram, matrine, azadirachtinand pymetrozine can be used to con-trol thrips and aphids. Considering un-derground pests (e.g. cutworms, grubsand mole crickets), artificial capturecan be conducted in early morning, orplacing bait (90% trichlorfon crystalwatersauted vegetable cake = 1330)between plant rows or near plant rhi-zosphere in evening in the high-inci-dence season of larvae.Chemical control and artificialweeding Before the transplanting ofstrawberry seedlings or before theemergence of weeds, appropriateconcentration of pendimethalin, bu-tachlor or other pre-emergent herbi-cides can be sprayed evenly to theplots, avoiding strawberry plants as faras possible. Appropriate humidity ismaintained in field. For emergedgramineous weeds, such as Alopecu-rus japonicus, barnyard grass, Setariaviridis and Sclerochloa dura, fluazifop-p-butyl can be sprayed evenly duringthe 3- to 5-leaf stages, accompaniedby artificial weeding.Promoting flower bud differentia-tion From early August on, the appli-cation amount of nitrogen fertilizer iscontrolled, and the application amo-unts of phosphorus and potassiumfertilizers (or potassium dihydrogenphosphate) are increased appropriate-ly; and the temperature inside green-house is decreased to promote differ-entiation. The phosphorus and potas-sium fertilizers are sprayed twice aweek in early August, accompanied byremoving old leaves, temporary plant-ing, cutting off roots and shading topromote flower bud differentiation.Soil improvement and continuouscropping obstacle treatment tech-niqueSolar disinfection of greenhouse insummer fallow periodIn the continuous cropping field ofstrawberry, strawberry plants, as wellas ground coverings such as black filmshould be removed immediately afterharvest. In early July, glume-removedrice bran (4 500-7 500 kg/hm2) or limenitrogen (900-1 500 kg/hm2) is sprin-kled on the field, accompanied by arti-ficial or mechanical application of live-stock and poultry manure and mush-room residue or vinegar residue orcrop straw and other organic matter(30 000-45 000 kg/hm2). The groundinside greenhouse is covered with oldfilm, and the greenhouse is also sur-rounded by film, of which the bottommargin is buried in soil to prevent airfrom entering. The soil in greenhouseis moistened, and its temperature ismaintained between 50-60 for 25-30 d to kill pathogens. In early August,the film on the ground is removed assoon as possible11.Balancing fertilization and increas-ing bacterial manure applicationOn the basis of solar disinfection,1 800-2 400 kg/hm2of bio-bacterialfertilizer ( 200 million CFU/g Bacillussubtilis and other complex bacteria,organic matter 60%), 1 500-2 250kg/hm2of bio-fermented cake fertilizerand 450 -750 kg/hm2of calcium su-perphosphate can be applied beforetillage and ridging (half month beforethe transplanting of strawberry plants)according to the fertility level of thesoil. From the adaptation period toflowering period, 45-75 kg/hm2of hu-mid acid (or potassium fulvate) ormacro element fertilizer can be appliedonce every 20-30 days along with dripirrigation. Before the covering ofground film, bio-bacterial fertilizer andcompound fertilizer can be applied byripping. At the same time, amino acidscan be sprayed around strawberryroots and active calcium fertilizer canbe sprayed to strawberry leaves.Agricultural ecological preventiontechniqueReasonable planting density andplant managementThe strawberry cultivars of Redcheek, Zhangji and Ningyu can be se-lected and cultivated in slight highridges at density of 75 000 -90 000plants/hm2. During the growth period,senescent base leaves, weak leavesand diseased fruit should be removedtimely; sick stolons and plants shouldbe cut off (pulled out) timely; and rot-ten branches and leaves on the mar-gin of the field should be removed andburned outside greenhouse.Controlling humidityDitches should be dug around thegreenhouse. No-dip anti-fogging high-transmittance film is selected. Thegreenhouse is kept clean and ventilat-ed. After rain, the greenhouse isdrained and ventilated timely to reducethe humidity. Before the emergence ofbuds, the plots are covered with silverblack or white-black film, and theditches inside the greenhouse are laidwith gardening cloth or disease-freestraw. Water-fertilizer integrated dripirrigation is used to supplement waterand fertilizer.Stifling greenhouseIn the blooming and fruit-bearing21152017AgriculturalSciencesoil pH and total salt content declinedyear by year, suggesting that afteryears of fertilization and rotation, thesoil quality has been well improved.References1 SHE XY, XIE YS, HAO MD, et al. Effectof long-term fertilization on wheat yieldand nutrient balance in dryland of theLoess PlateauJ. Agricultural Researchin the Arid Areas, 2009, 27(6): 27-32.2 DANGTH,GAOCQ,PENGL,etal.Long-term rotation and fertilizer experimentsin Changwu rain fed highland J. Re-search of Soil and Water Conservation,2003, 10(1): -61-65.3 LI YS, ZHANG XZ, GUO MH. The fieldexperiments on the field-response ofcrops to water and fertility in the south ofthe Loess Plateau J. 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