遮陽網(wǎng)對西北地區(qū)夏季圍欄牛場環(huán)境和肉牛生理特征的影響.pdf
第35卷 第11期 農(nóng) 業(yè) 工 程 學 報 Vol.35 No.11 2019年 6月 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Jun. 2019 175 遮陽網(wǎng)對西北地區(qū)夏季圍欄牛場環(huán)境和肉牛生理特征的影響 陳昭輝1,2,熊浩哲1,2,張霞霞1,劉繼軍1,2,林 梁3 (1. 中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學動物營養(yǎng)學國家重點實驗室,北京 100193; 2. 中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學動物科技學院,北京 100193; 3. 張掖市祁連牧歌有限公司,張掖 734000) 摘 要:為了研究遮陽網(wǎng)在中國西北地區(qū)應用于圍欄育肥牛場以緩解夏季肉牛熱應激的效果,該試驗對現(xiàn)場環(huán)境指標進行實測,同時對肉牛的皮膚溫度、呼吸頻率進行了記錄,通過數(shù)據(jù)分析,對不同時段牛場的溫熱環(huán)境進行了評價。結果表明:遮陽網(wǎng)在各個時段都能改善肉牛生長環(huán)境,在午時可減少87%的太陽輻射,使溫度降低3.95 ,黑球溫度降低19.9%,從而將環(huán)境從嚴重熱應激狀態(tài)轉變?yōu)橹卸葻釕顟B(tài);中午肉牛的躺臥行為百分比從14.21%升高至59.9%(P0.05,下同。遮蔽區(qū)記為S,非遮蔽區(qū)記為NS,下同。 Note: During the same period of time, different capital letters indicate that there is a extremely significant difference in the values within the same line of data with, P0.05, Same as below. The shaded area is denoted as S and the non-shaded area as NS, Same below. 2.1.2 環(huán)境綜合評價 試驗期間圍欄育肥牛場各環(huán)境綜合指標值如表4所示。由表4可知,在各個時段,遮蔽區(qū)的各項環(huán)境評價指標均低于非遮蔽區(qū);午時非遮蔽區(qū)的環(huán)境會給牛群造成巨大的熱應激,其中THIadj、BGHI與HLI的平均值分別為86.24、92.98、93.89,均超過了各自的上臨界值,因此可判讀午時肉牛處于嚴重熱應激狀態(tài);遮陽網(wǎng)能降低熱應激程度,其中以午時HLI值的降低幅度最為明顯。與非遮蔽區(qū)相比,遮蔽區(qū)HLI值降低了9.09,環(huán)境由嚴重熱應激狀態(tài)轉變?yōu)橹卸葻釕顟B(tài);在傍晚,由于太陽直射角度的改變,各項環(huán)境綜合指標均在其下臨界范圍內(nèi),同時遮蔽區(qū)與非遮蔽區(qū)的各項環(huán)境指標之間無差異(P0.05)。說明此時環(huán)境適宜,且遮陽網(wǎng)對環(huán)境的影響程度小,不能改善環(huán)境的熱應激程度。 表4 環(huán)境綜合指標值 Table 4 Values of environmental composite parameters 早Morning 午Afternoon 晚Evening 參數(shù)Parameter NS S NS S NS S THI 75.95± 2.85A 68.87± 2.52B 79.63± 3.14A 76.31± 2.99B 73.83± 3.01a 73.79± 2.98a THIadj 78.50± 2.82a 73.25± 2.53b 86.24± 3.81A 79.13± 3.36B 77.96± 3.55a 77.72± 3.32a Tbg 32.71± 4.07A 27.42± 3.52B 43.38± 4.88A 36.18± 3.94B 34.12± 4.12a 33.81± 3.78a BGHI 82.86± 3.21A 75.75± 3.45B 92.98± 2.98A 85.06± 3.15B 83.58± 2.61a 83.22± 2.46a HLI 84.19± 2.71A 76.09± 2.56B 93.89± 4.46A 84.80± 3.58B 84.99± 3.98a 84.18± 3.71a 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學報(http:/www.tcsae.org) 2019年 178 2.1.3 生理特征測定結果 試驗期間牛場遮蔽區(qū)與非遮蔽區(qū)未隔開,肉牛可自由活動。各時段對肉牛皮溫、呼吸頻率的記錄如表5所示。經(jīng)測量,7:00、14:00、19:00肉牛各時段的皮溫分別為(30.45±3.38)、(35.24±2.50)、(31.76±2.56),且三者之間存在顯著差異(P0.05);呼吸頻率分別為(44.63±10.04)、(48.74±11.32)、(34.93±8.63)次/min,且三者之間存在顯著差異(P0.05)。 表5 皮溫及呼吸頻率的測定結果 Table 5 Values of skin temperature and respiratory rate 時間 Time 皮溫 Skin temperature/ 呼吸頻率 Respiratory rate/(次min-1) 早Morning 30.45±3.38Ab 44.63±10.04Ab 午Afternoon 35.24±2.50B 48.74±11.32Ac 晚Evening 31.76±2.56Ac 34.93±8.63B 研究表明,在適宜的環(huán)境溫度下,牛的呼吸頻率為2040次/min,皮溫為38.5 左右。熱應激狀態(tài)下肉牛通過增加呼吸頻率來增加蒸發(fā)散熱8,當產(chǎn)熱量超過散熱量時,動物的體溫就會升高24。試驗結果顯示:各時段肉牛的皮溫均在38.5 以下,但早晨肉牛的呼吸頻率為44.63次/min,午時為48.74次/min。由此可以判斷,牛群在早、午時段均處于熱應激狀態(tài),且午時的熱應激程度更高。傍晚的呼吸頻率在適宜范圍內(nèi),說明此時牛場的環(huán)境較為舒適,動物無熱應激反應。 2.2 熱環(huán)境對肉牛的影響 2.2.1 熱環(huán)境對肉牛生理特征的影響 在熱應激條件下,機體交感神經(jīng)興奮導致體溫升高,散熱困難。機體通過加快肺通氣量加快呼吸散熱,此時表現(xiàn)為呼吸頻率升高,機體易發(fā)生呼吸性堿中毒。嚴重時,會導致肺部、出血、呼吸功能衰竭等癥狀。故呼吸頻率與環(huán)境溫熱條件存在極大的相關性。結合表4與表5可知,肉牛皮溫與呼吸頻率的變化特征與熱應激程度變化相似:早晚皮溫與呼吸頻率較低,中午最高。現(xiàn)將各環(huán)境綜合指標按照遮蔽區(qū)與非遮蔽區(qū)分類,與肉牛呼吸頻率和皮溫的線性相關關系如表6所示。 表6 環(huán)境綜合指標與肉牛生理特征之間的相關系數(shù) Table 6 Correlation coefficient between all comprehensive environmental parameters and physiological characteristics of beef cattle 區(qū)域 Area 環(huán)境綜合指標Comprehensive environmental parameters 皮溫 Skin temperature 呼吸頻率 Respiratory rate NS Tbg THI THIadj BGHI HLI 0.53* 0.47* 0.48* 0.38* 0.48* 0.20* 0.14 ns 0.19 ns 0.15 ns 0.15 ns S Tbg THI THIadj BGHI HLI 0.44* 0.40* 0.42* 0.40* 0.45* 0.17* 0.14 ns 0.17 ns 0.15 ns 0.16 ns 注:*表中該環(huán)境綜合指標和生理特征之間顯著相關,P0.05,ns表示該環(huán)境綜合指標和生理特征之間不顯著相關,P0.05。 Note: * indicates there is a significant correlation between the environmental comprehensive parameters and physiological characteristics, P 0.05. 由表6可知,對于肉牛皮溫而言,相關度最高的環(huán)境綜合指標為非遮蔽區(qū)的黑球溫度,相關系數(shù)為0.53,二者線性關系見圖3。對于呼吸頻率而言,各指標與呼吸頻率的相關系數(shù)均偏低,相關關系不明顯,其中相關系數(shù)最高的指標同樣為非遮蔽區(qū)的黑球溫度,二者相關系數(shù)為0.20,其次為遮蔽區(qū)的HLI,相關系數(shù)為0.17。 圖3 皮溫與非遮蔽區(qū)黑球溫度線性關系 Fig.3 Linear relation between skin temperature and black-globe temperature in no shaded area 2.2.2 熱應激對肉牛行為的影響 在試驗期間觀察到,隨著熱應激水平的增加,牛群更加傾向于在遮蔽區(qū)活動,且在中午躺臥行為多發(fā)生在遮蔽區(qū)。對于牛群站立、躺臥、采食、飲水行為的百分比在各個時段的分布如表7所示。結果表明在不同時段,肉牛的主要行為表現(xiàn)出一定的差異:從早晨到中午,肉牛的躺臥比例從14.21%升高至59.9%(P0.01),而站立的百分比從64.5%降低到29.7%(P0.01),說明遮蔽區(qū)牛群的熱應激水平較低,肉牛無需維持站立姿勢增加機體散熱量;傍晚肉牛的行為與早晨相似,超過一半的肉牛表現(xiàn)為站立,采食與躺臥的百分比較為接近;各時段肉牛飲水的傾向不明顯,均低于3%。根據(jù)上述結果,認為整體而言,肉牛的熱應激程度不高。此外,牛場另飼有黑色被毛的安格斯牛,與被毛紅白相間的西門塔爾牛相比,其趨向遮蔽區(qū)的行為更明顯,躺臥的百分比也更高,如圖4所示。 表7 不同時段牛群行為 Table 7 Beef cattle behavior during different times % 時間 Time 采食Eating 飲水Drinking 站立standing 躺臥Lying 早Morning 18.41 2.59 64.50 14.21 中Afternoon 9.91 0.97 29.70 59.90 晚Evening 25.94 2.28 52.74 20.01 圖4 安格斯牛更傾向于在遮蔽區(qū)停留 Fig.4 Angus tend to stay at shaded area 第11期 陳昭輝等:遮陽網(wǎng)對西北地區(qū)夏季圍欄牛場環(huán)境和肉牛生理特征的影響 179 3 討 論 遮陽網(wǎng)可通過減少熱輻射從而達到明顯的降溫效果。Schütz 等25研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在試驗期間,太陽輻射減少50%或99%的遮蔽區(qū)的環(huán)境溫度始終保持在25 以下,且與同一時間的非遮蔽區(qū)相比,分別降低了日均溫度2 和3.8 。Eigenberg等26研究發(fā)現(xiàn),黑色塑料材質的遮陽網(wǎng)平均可減少60%的太陽輻射,同時可減少22%處于嚴重熱應激狀態(tài)的牛的數(shù)量。Brown-Brandl等7研究了不同遮蔽程度的遮陽網(wǎng)對環(huán)境的影響,結果表明與不采取任何遮蔽措施相比,任意程度的遮蔽都能降低黑球溫度和太陽輻射,并且中午的遮蔽效果最明顯:最多可使太陽輻射降低86.8%,黑球溫度降低11.9%。本試驗實測結果表明,遮陽網(wǎng)在午時最多可減少87%的太陽輻射,使溫度降低3.95 ,黑球溫度降低19.9%,同時將環(huán)境從嚴重熱應激狀態(tài)轉變?yōu)橹卸葻釕顟B(tài),其遮陽降溫結果與上述試驗結果相似。此外有研究表明,在炎熱氣候下,采取遮蔽措施會延長牛的采食時間和增加干物質攝入量,從而提高日增質量27-28。因此,可以認為試驗期間采取的遮蔽措施對肉牛生產(chǎn)性能有積極影響。 通過肉牛行為,認為遮陽網(wǎng)可以改善夏季溫熱環(huán)境,降低熱應激程度,提高動物福利。試驗期間,觀察到肉牛在中午使用遮陽網(wǎng)的頻率高于早、晚時段。Tucker等5在研究夏季奶牛行為與熱應激的試驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),在太陽輻射值較高的日子里,為應對增加的熱負荷,奶牛在遮蔽區(qū)停留的時間會延長,當環(huán)境溫度超過25 時,牛群使用遮陽網(wǎng)的次數(shù)會增加;且在一天內(nèi),在太陽輻射值最高的時候,遮陽網(wǎng)的使用率達到峰值,這與本試驗觀察到的現(xiàn)象相吻合。研究表明,動物采取站立的姿勢可以最大限度地增加暴露在環(huán)境中的表面積,以增加身體周圍的空氣流動24。Zahner 等29-30的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在炎熱的夏季,牛群會通過減少躺臥和采食行為來對熱負荷做出反應。本試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)在達到嚴重熱應激條件的中午,肉牛更傾向于在遮蔽區(qū)停留,且躺臥行為的百分比較其他行為更高,可以認為由于遮陽網(wǎng)下的小氣候環(huán)境較為舒適,所以牛群不必采取站立姿勢來應對熱負荷。Schütz 等31也同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)遮蔽區(qū)牛群的躺臥比例高于非遮蔽區(qū)。現(xiàn)有研究表明,深色被毛的牛比淺色被毛的牛對熱應激更加敏感32。被毛白色的比利時藍牛比黑色的安格斯牛的HLI上限高出3個單位,紅色安格斯牛比黑色安格斯牛的HLI上限高1個單位18。根據(jù)上述結論可以解釋試驗期間觀察到的黑色安格斯牛更偏好于使用遮陽網(wǎng)的現(xiàn)象。 各環(huán)境綜合指標對肉牛生理特征的影響表明在本試驗中,太陽輻射是影響肉牛生理特征的主要因素。研究表明,由于肉牛品種、被毛顏色、生長環(huán)境以及測量方法等的不同,各環(huán)境綜合指標與生理特征之間的相關程度也不盡相同。牛的皮膚溫度與其品種和被毛顏色相關,淺色被毛牛的皮溫往往偏低,與體溫之間相差約3.3 33。同時Kendall等34發(fā)現(xiàn)牛群的體溫、呼吸頻率與氣溫、THI和HLI之間呈正相關關系。李璟輝等15研究了4個環(huán)境綜合指標:BGHI、THVI、THI和HLI與西門塔爾肉牛呼吸頻率之間的相關性,結果表明HLI與呼吸頻率的相關性最大,相關系數(shù)為 0.603 81。而在研究綜合環(huán)境指數(shù)(comprehensive climate index, CCI)、HLI、BGHI、奶牛熱應激指數(shù)(index of thermal stress for cows, ITSC) 4指標與奶牛生理特征的相關性時,發(fā)現(xiàn)CCI與荷斯坦奶牛的呼吸頻率相關性最大,相關系數(shù)為0.36535。此外,Atkins36等利用探測器監(jiān)測肉牛每日連續(xù)變化的生理特征與環(huán)境參數(shù)時發(fā)現(xiàn),牛的呼吸頻率、體溫與THI的變化趨勢高度一致。而在本試驗中,非遮蔽區(qū)的黑球溫度與皮溫的相關性較高,二者的相關系數(shù)為0.53;各指標與呼吸頻率的相關性較低,最大相關系數(shù)僅為0.20,其原因可能是觀測的牛的數(shù)量較少,導致觀測值的標準差較大,造成相關系數(shù)偏小。黑球溫度主要受太陽輻射的影響,根據(jù)其與牛群生理特征的相關性可以推斷,太陽輻射對肉牛的生理特征的影響占據(jù)主導地位,而遮陽網(wǎng)能通過降低太陽輻射。達到改善肉牛的生長環(huán)境,緩解熱應激的目的。 4 結 論 本研究對設有黑色塑料材質,針數(shù)為4針,透光率約為40%的遮陽網(wǎng)圍欄育肥牛場進行了現(xiàn)場環(huán)境指標實測,并通過數(shù)據(jù)分析,最終得出以下結論: 1)現(xiàn)場環(huán)境實測結果表明,遮陽網(wǎng)在各個時段都能改善肉牛的生長環(huán)境,且午時的效果最為明顯:可減少87%的太陽輻射,使溫度降低3.95 ,黑球溫度降低19.9%,將環(huán)境從嚴重熱應激狀態(tài)轉變?yōu)橹卸葻釕ぁ?2)肉牛行為的統(tǒng)計結果表明,隨著熱應激程度的升高,肉牛更傾向于在遮蔽區(qū)躺臥,且躺臥比例由14.21%升高至59.9%,站立比例由64.5%降低至29.7%。說明遮陽網(wǎng)下的小氣候環(huán)境較舒適,能為肉牛提供適宜的飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境,提高動物福利。 3)分析各環(huán)境綜合指標與肉牛生理特性的相關性,結果表明,非遮蔽區(qū)的黑球溫度與肉牛皮溫和呼吸頻率的相關性最高,相關系數(shù)分別為0.53與0.20,進一步說明了遮陽網(wǎng)能通過降低太陽輻射來達到緩解肉牛熱應激水平的目的。 綜上,本試驗通過環(huán)境指標的對比和對牛群生理特性的分析,闡明了遮陽網(wǎng)在中國西北地區(qū)圍欄育肥牛場中的遮陽降溫效果,可為緩解該形式肉牛場的夏季熱應激提供參考。 參 考 文 獻 1 劉玉鳳,楊春,王明利. 中國肉牛產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及前景展望J. 農(nóng)業(yè)展望,2014(4):3642. 2 Armstrong D V. 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Effects of sunshade net on environment of fenced feed lot and physiological characteristics of beef cattle in northwest China in summer Chen Zhaohui1,2, Xiong Haozhe1,2, Zhang Xiaxia1, Liu Jijun1,2, Lin Liang3 (1. State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; 2. College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; 3. Gansu Qilian Pastoral Industry Co., Ltd. Zhangye 734000, China) Abstract: In order to study the effects of sunshade net applied in fenced feed lot in northwest China to alleviate heat stress of beef cattle in summer, this paper was conducted to measure environmental parameters, and recorded the physiological characteristics of beef cattle to evaluate the environment of fenced feed lot in different periods. This test was in Zhangye city, Gansu province (38.55 °N, 100.26 °E). The experiment was conducted from June 2018 to July of the same year. The fence feed lot was 198 m long and 100 m wide. There were 4 rows of cattle pens in the feed lot, each row had 11 columns. The length of each pen was 18 m and the width of 18 m. 2 black plastic shading nets were installed along the diagonal of the second row of cattle hurdles, with a light transmittance of about 40%, providing a shading area of 5.4 m2 for each cattle. Each stall was provided with a drinking tank for beef cattle to drink freely, and the feeding method was manual feeding at 8:00 and 17:00. 12 Simmental crossbred beef cattle with red and white coats were kept in each stall. Measurement parameters included temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation intensity, skin temperature of b